Summarizes some of the new research in office ergonomics.

 Most of us have some misinformation about office setup and posture.  Much of the misinformation is quite old, but it persists because 1) we've heard it all our lives, 2) everybody we know seems to think the same thing, 3) it sort of makes mechanical sense (but not biological sense!), 4) we actually heard or saw it RECENTLY, perhaps in a sales presentation for some kind of ergo gizmo.

Unfortunately, not all writers, trainers, product designers, or even physicians can keep up with all the scientific developments.

Here are examples of conventional ergonomic wisdom that are being disproven.  Most of them involve, happily, a RELAXING of old strict rules.   Current ergonomics encourages variety and movement rather than an exact posture.

Conventional wisdom for monitor distance is that it should be 18-24 inches away. This is wrong.  The best distance is "as far away as possible while still being able to read it clearly." Longer distances relax the eyes. The "conventional" 18-24 inch recommendation is unnecessarily close.

Conventional wisdom for keyboard distance is that it should be approximately at the front of the work surface. This conventional wisdom is limiting. There's nothing wrong with pushing the keyboard back farther if the forearms are supported, provided the wrist is kept straight and the elbows aren't resting on anything hard or sharp. Usually, to make a pushed-back keyboard work, the work surface should be higher than elbow height. (see height, below)

Conventional practice for placement of the mouse is to push it away. Closer is usually better -- next to the keyboard is the goal.

Conventional wisdom regarding a chair is that the chair should be at a height that allows the feet to reach the floor when the legs are in the "conventional wisdom" position of 90 degrees (at the knee). The ninety-degree knee posture is not "correct" ergonomics although it is not a harmful position. The legs should move very often, not stay fixed in the ninety degree position. The chair should, if possible, be low --- low enough for the feet to rest on the floor, even when extended.

However, if the chair is at a good height but the keyboard height can't be adjusted to elbow height or lower, then it's necessary to adjust the chair upwards. In this case, a footrest is an option.

Conventional wisdom says footrests are always a fine alternative and that chairs and work surfaces don't need to be lowered if a footrest is available. The truth is that footrests are a distinctly second-class choice because the feet only have one place to be, and leg postures are limited.

However, if the chair is already low enough, footrests offer a chance to change leg postures and are recommended.

Conventional wisdom prescribes an upright posture, with the hips at ninety degrees. However, a great deal of research supports the idea of a much wider hip angle --- with one hundred thirty degrees or so as an "optimum" angle. The reason? When the hips are straightened, the vertebrae of the lower spine are aligned with each other in a way that reduces and evens out pressure on the intervertebral discs. Further, sitting upright is less desirable than reclining. When reclining, the lower back muscles work less and the spine supports less weight, since body weight is held up by the chair's backrest.

Conventional wisdom for keyboard height is that it should be at elbow height. This is wrong, or at least too narrow. Variation from elbow height is fine, especially in the lower-than-elbow direction.

Conventional wisdom for keyboard angle is that it should be flat, or up on its little support legs.  This is wrong. The keyboard angle depends entirely on the forearm angle, and should be in the same plane as the forearm. So, a low keyboard should be slanted back. Some people expect they won't be able to see the keys if the keyboard is sloped back, but this is usually not a problem.

Conventional wisdom is that the wrists should be kept straight. In this case, conventional wisdom is correct, as far as we now know.

Conventional wisdom for monitor height is that the top of the screen should be about at eye height. This is fine for some people, wrong for many. The current recommendation is that eye height is the highest a monitor should be, not the best height. Many people find a low monitor to be more comfortable for the eyes and neck.

Conventional practice puts the monitor on top of the CPU --- the best solution in most cases is to put the monitor on the work surface, because of the monitor height issue.

Conventional wisdom for wrist rests is that they can do no wrong and should always be used. This is wrong. They may be able to cause harm if they're too thick, too thin, too hard, or have sharp edges (even sharp edges of foam). They also can cause harm, we think, if they're constantly used --- they probably should be used just during pauses. The carpal tunnel is under the wrist/palm and should not be subjected to much extra pressure.

Conventional practice is to supply wrist rests for the keyboard but not the mouse. Mouse wrist rests are a good idea in many cases, but the same warnings apply.

Conventional wisdom for "ergonomic" keyboards is that they're good for everybody. In actuality, some are good and some are probably bad. Some are right for some people and not for others.  The only kind of ergonomic keyboard that many ergonomists can recommend in good conscience is one that can be configured to look exactly like a normal keyboard. These boards are hinged and can be changed to a new shape gradually.

Conventional practice recommends rest breaks about fifteen minutes long, every two hours or so.  This is insufficient for single-task work such as typing. Research supports the idea of very short breaks done very frequently --- for example, 30-second breaks every ten minutes or so. These should happen in addition to the normal fifteen-minute coffee breaks.

Finally, conventional wisdom holds that there is such a thing as a "correct" posture. In reality, posture change seems to be as important as posture correctness, especially with regard to the intervertebral discs in the spine. These discs lose fluid over the course of the day because of the weight they carry. It appears that posture change is essential to help pump fluid back into the discs. People who stand all day tend to have back problems --- but so do people who sit still all day.

This short paper has described a number of ways in which conventional ergonomic practice and wisdom are contradicted by recent research. It is possible that future research will show that some of today's "progressive" practices are incorrect. In addition, "progressive" ergonomics will invariably be incorrect for some individuals. The ultimate standard is individual comfort (especially over time), tempered by individual preference, control, and choices.